Prison system of the 18th and the early 19th century Essay

In the early 1800’s, state prisoner were leased to Florida companies where they were often worked as slave labor. Mart Taber was a young prisoner convicted of stealing a ride on a freight train. He died as a result of the brutal treatment administered by a lumber company boss to whom he was leased. The prison system of the 1800’s and the early 1900’s was based on cruel and inhumane treatment. Punishment was very tragic. The prisoners were treated as animal and consider less of inhuman because of their lawlessness. They were made to right the wrongs that they have committed either trough physical pain, endure mutilation, torture, mulcted in fines, deprive of liberty, adjudges as slave or even put to death. The American prison as we know began in New York in the early 19th century. â€Å"Reformation† was the goal of the founders of the system. During the colonial period and in the early years of the nation, long-term imprisonment was not a common form of punishment in prison. Instead, execution was the prescribed penalty for a wide range of offenses. People who committed less serious offenses faced public punishment such as pillorying, whipping and maiming. At the beginning of the 19th century, imprisonment had replaced public punishment and execution as a form of punishment for most crimes, except murder and treason. The early places of imprisonment ranged from wood frame houses to copper mine, such as the Connecticut prison in 1790. Then, in the early 19th century two concepts of imprisonment were introduced in New York and Pennsylvania, including what the structures should look like and how they should be operated, â€Å"Few people had any idea what the structures should look like or how they should be administered.† (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page1) These institutions were not only meant to be houses of convicted criminals, they also had the objective of reforming inmates into temperate, industrious, hard-working citizens and return them to their societies as new men. Sentences were long enough to allow the prison system its program of reformation. In Pennsylvania, the prison system of reformation was to separate the inmate and provide him with a small room and a exercise area totally isolated from  the human companionship â€Å"Only in the purity of complete isolation could be the corruption be overcome and the restoration of faith and honesty be attained† (The Evolution of the New YorkPrison System, Part I. Page2) After an appropriate period of total isolation and inactivity, the prisoner was allowed to small bits of handicraft work and a Bible in his cell. The inmate was not allowed to see another prisoner. The founders of the prison system believed that isolation was the only way for a prisoner is rehabilitated. Prison system of the 18th and early 19th century left a reasonable quantity of dead prisoners and also physical abuse to the inmate. The crime that any prisoner has committed doesn’t justify the cruel and inhumane treatment they receive in jail. If the founders of the prison system from that time of period wouldn’t have been so cruel, they would had avoid so many death and people being maltreated. Instead of merciless punishment they should had given them social work as their sentence and should had taken advantage from the prisoners keeping in mind that they are human beings.

Different Aspects of Pain Essay

Pain is a subject to which all people can relate. There are many different types of pain, and people react to these pains in various ways. Pain is also caused from many different sources. It could be from grief, stress, or a significant event that occurs in one’s life. Pain is defined in the Dictionary as â€Å"mental or emotional suffering or torment.† The poetry of Robert Frost, James Langston Hughes, and Emily Dickinson all display different aspects of pain. Robert Lee Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California where his father worked as a newspaper editor. This may have been where Robert was first exposed to the aspect of writing. Robert’s first published poem was in a school newspaper at the age of 16 where he wrote a poem on the subject of Cortez in Mexico. Although he attended Dartmouth for seven weeks and spent two years at Harvard, he never finished a college education with a degree. After he had gotten married, he worked as a schoolteacher, and during this period is when he spent time writing the majority of his poetry. After his teaching career, he moved to England to pursue getting his works published since his poetry was not accepted for publishing in America. His first two books of poems, A Boy’s Will and North of Boston, were published in England and then later in America due to the overwhelming popularity of them in England (Greenberg ix-x). Frost’s poem â€Å"Out, Out† tells a story of the tragic death of a boy due to a buzz saw. The title is an allusion to act five William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, where the main character, Macbeth, performs a soliloquy regarding the death of his wife: â€Å"Out, out, brief candle! / Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage / And then is heard no more. It is a tale / Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing.† The allusion to Shakespeare in the title is appropriate to the subject matter because the soliloquy of Macbeth states that life is short, and inevitably will end. That is the message that Robert Frost is trying to convey in this poem. There are two different aspects of pain that appear in â€Å"Out, Out.† The first  one is the aspect of physical pain. This occurs when the buzz saw the boy is using, hits the boy’s hand and injures the hand severely. â€Å"As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, / Leaped out at the boy’s hand, / or seemed to leap — (Frost 522)† The boy then begins to feel the pain of what has just happened, the physical pain of his hand being severed by the buzz saw. The next type of pain that can be seen here is the psychological pain, caused by stress. As a result of the boy’s injury, he begins to fall into pieces about the whole matter (clarify this somehow. â€Å"fall into pieces† sounds a little ambiguous as well as clichà ©) . The poem says that the boy â€Å"half in appeal, but as if to keep / the life from spilling. Then the boy saw all — (Frost 522).† These two lines of the poem depict that the boy is old enough to understand what is going on with what is happening. His hand is injured beyond what the doctors can repair, and there is a high possibility of death because of what has just happened. The word ‘Life’ in this poem represents the blood that flowing from his hand. One can also see the apathy displayed by the rest of his family. Even though a member of the family has just died due to a tragic accident â€Å"Little–less–nothing!–and that ended it (Frost 522)† they show no pain of the loss of a family member. It is depicted in the last two lines of the poem, â€Å"No more to build on there. And they, since they / Were not the one dead, turned to their affairs (Frost 522).† This shows that they had no emotion to the event, and went on to what they were doing as if nothing had happened in the first place. The second piece of poetry presented is one by James Langston Hughes. James Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin Missouri. He spent his early life living with his grandmother in Illinois. Hughes began to write poems, and also some short stories, while he was in high school. Hughes mentions that the primary influences to his writing are Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Carl Sandburg, and Walt Whitman. His first book of poetry, entitled The Weary Blues, was published in 1926, while he was in college. Hughes graduated from Lincoln University three years following the publication of his first book of poetry. The year following his college graduated, Hughes  won the Harmon gold medal for literature for the first novel that he wrote, Not Without Laughter. James Langston Hughes poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was the first poem of his that was published. This poem was also set to music later on. It is written from the perspective of a man that ties together African and African-American history. Hughes does this by naming different rivers that are in Africa and also those that are in the United States. This is where the wordplay of Langston Hughes can be seen. The type of pain that is displayed in this poem is not very obvious, but it is more implied than directly stated. Seeing that this poems speaks of African and African-American History, the idea of the oppression that these people groups have gone through is something that can be inferred from what the poem says. Both of these people groups have gone through major oppression because of slavery, inequality, and the like. (while it is not obvious I would recommend trying to find a few lines that can possibly show the pain) The final poem presented here is a poem from Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson was born in the year 1830 in a family that was considered to be very wealthy for that time period. Her father ultimately led the family and was a religious man for the family. He read prayers and passages of scripture to all that lived in the household to maintain this. She attended the seminary for a year, but went home after that year due to a significant amount of unpleasant experiences. After Emily left school, she isolated herself from all activities and responsibilities that were outside of the household, and kept to herself most of the time. She spent a significant amount of time reading books. Because of the morals that her father had, there were not many things for her to choose from, as her father thought that most books that were available at the time might shake up her thinking patterns. She then settled to read the Bible, classical myths, and also the works of William Shakespeare. Because of this, a great amount of the poems that she wrote had allusion to her readings contained in them. Although there is very little that people know of Emily Dickinson’s outside life, but after reading the  poems that she has written, one can gain some access to the inside life in Emily Dickinson (Madden 1287). Emily Dickinson wrote nearly two thousand different poems in her lifetime (Madden 1288). Only but a few of these poems were intentionally published by her. Although Emily made her brother and sister promise to destroy all of her works following her death, her sister, Lavinia, could not gain the strength to destroy her sister Emily’s poetry. Not too far following her death in 1886, nine volumes of her works that were revised in wording, punctuation, structure, and rhyme were published. Unedited versions that were true to the original manuscript of Emily Dickinson where not published until 1955 (Madden 1288). Most of the poems of Emily Dickinson were her own personal laments that she did not intend for the public to ever see. â€Å"After A Great Pain, A Formal Feeling Comes† is an example of one of these extremely personal poems. During the time that this poem was written, Dickinson had just lost a very close friend. She was also beginning to dismiss the ideas of a career, starting a family, and making contact with anything or anyone that was outside of her own house. This whole poem directly deals with the pain of emotional loss that comes with the passing away of a person that is extremely close. Death was something that Dickinson never adjusted to, and it is displayed in this poem. She depicts how the feeling sits heavily and does not seem to go away very quickly â€Å"The Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs–(Dickinson 1291)† (Lundin 95). In the last two lines of the first stanza Dickinson says, â€Å"The stiff Heart questions what it He, that bore, / And Yesterday, or Centuries before? (Dickinson 1291)† Here she is reliving past pains and grief that have occurred in her life before the death of her friend. She also relives past painful moments in her life in the second stanza â€Å"The Feet, mechanical, go round (Dickinson 1291)† (Grabher 217). In the last stanza, Dickinson focuses on the present pain that is in her life. â€Å"This is the Hour of Lead– (Dickinson 1291)† refers to the passing of  Dickinson’s close friend. She then goes over the stages of how she moves on from these painful experiences: â€Å"As Freezing persons, recollect the Snow– / First–Chill–then Stupor–then the letting go– (Dickinson 1291)† The way that she ends this poems makes it appear as though she is trailing off into a land of thought to go dwell on what has just happened, to begin her process of recovery (Lundin 234). As one can see, many different aspects of pain have been discussed. Robert Frost’s â€Å"Out, Out† discussed physical pain due to an injury, and also the pain of stress due to that injury. James Langston Hughes implied the racial oppression of Africans and African-Americans that had gone before him in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers.† Emily Dickinson goes deep into her personal life and displays emotional pain with â€Å"After A Great Pain, A Formal Feeling Comes† by reminiscing on past grief and dealing with a new grief due to the death of a friend. As one reads through and analyzes these poems, one can see the way that pain is displayed in the midst of them and how each separate type affects people in different ways.

A History Of The World In Six Glasses

That includes not mixing beer with water. The Greeks always drank wine mixed with water to not become drunk so easily. They also did that to clean the water because wine contained natural antibacterial agents made during fermentation. 3. Describe what is meant by the following quote and provide evidence. â€Å"Wine was Wee Tit' â€Å"Wine was wealth† means that wine was an accurate representation of ones wealth and status. For example, property-owning classes in Athens were categorized based on their vineyard holdings. Also, wine made Greece and people rich. One of Grace's major exports included wine.Another example is that farmers could earn xx more cultivating vines opposed to growing grain. Finally, wine was portrayed on coins in Greece. 4. Describe the symposium a. What was it? The symposium was a formal drinking party in Greece. They were venues for playful but adversarial discussion. Having this reminded the Greeks on how civilized they were. B. How was it ritualistic? The symposium was ritualistic. One example of that was sometimes after the symposium was the Samos. It was a ritual where members of a drinking group (hetaeras) would go onto the streets to show how strong and tightly ended the group was. C.How did it illustrate Greek culture? The symposium illustrated Greek culture because it was a place where they could show off one's intelligence. This shows how Greeks regarded themselves as civilized and everyone else was not. It was also just a place where friends would go to hang out and drink. 5. To what extent was the symposium a suitable venue for getting at the truth? Explain Wine makes people less conscious and aware of surroundings. This means that people will more likely speak the truth because many times people will lie to not get in trouble. The Greeks knew this and therefore many debates happened while they were drinking wine. . Compare and Contrast the use of wine in Greece and Rome. (Provide any combination of three similarities an d differences) The use of wine in Greece and Rome were similar in some ways. First, wine was an important part of life for both people; it was a universal staple drink. They both believed in drinking wine in a civilized manner. Both included mixing wine with water. Also, wine was a factor in determining wealth. The rich in both places drank wine that was very limited. The final similarity in the SE of wine shared by Greece and Rome was where they drank it.Although the Symposium (Greece) and the Conniving (Rome) were different in the specifics that went on, they were both places where people went to hang out and drink some wine. The use of wine in Greece and Rome were different in some ways. For example, in Greece wine was a luxury. However, in Rome it was a necessity. The way Romans differentiated the rich and the poor was by the content of their goblets and their ability to name fine wines. The ability to name fine wines showed that they were able to afford those wines. Finally, th e Karate, which was a large vase used to mix water and wine, was rarely used in Rome.The Karate was used often during Greek symposiums. The man in Rome would mix it himself So the need for the Karate was unnecessary. 7. How was wine associated with Christianity? Provide evidence. Wine was associated with Christianity for a few reasons. First of all, a Roman soldier offered Jesus Christ a sponge dipped in wine during his crucifixion. Also according to the bible, Chrism's first miracle was the transformation of 6 jars of water into wine. Christ also offered wine to his disciples at the last upper, which led to the role of wine in Eucharist.Eucharist was a Christian ritual where bread & wine symbolizes Jesus Chrism's body and blood. 8. Explain and analyze change and continuity in the use Of wine from the classical Mediterranean world to today. Even today, there is still much continuity in the use of wine from the classical Mediterranean world. One example is that wine contain uses to b e regarded as vote most civilized drink. The symposium and conniving has now evolved into the modern suburban dinner party. A similarity in what goes on in a symposium and a modern dinner party sis they both fuel intelligent concussion.This includes science, politics, math etc. Even now, the host chooses the wine and how expensive it is due to the importance of the occasion and social standing. There are some changes in the use of wine from the classical Mediterranean world to today. Countries that drink the most wine in the world would have been regarded as barbarians by Greece and Rome. These countries include Germany, Austria, and Belgium etc. Another change is the accessibility of wine. Wine is extremely abundant nowadays and today every one of every social standing can easily obtain wine.

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing Personal Statement - 17

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing - Personal Statement Example Having read the writings of both professionals and fellow students, I reached the conclusion that writings vary in their genre and accordingly style and extent of formality in language. While scholarly writings sound very professional and are very formally written, essays and articles written by my fellow students reflected the sort of language we speak in daily life with each other. I learned that vocabulary has a very important role to play in making an assignment-sound professional. One of the quickest ways that can be employed to supply more information with basic sentence patterns is writing phrases (Jones and Fairness 118). These days, it has become relatively easier to choose weighty words as MS Word gives the option of selecting synonyms for words. The less common a word is spoken in routine language, the more suitable it becomes for inserting in academic writings given it does justice to the context and projects the intended meaning as accurately as possible. Peer and collaborative work were very enjoyable and great learning experience. Collaborative writing can be defined as activities related to the creation of a document by at least two authors. Collaborative components include pre-draft discussions and post-draft debates (Dillon). I learned that people’s ideas and thoughts about a subject are influenced by, and often determined by their cultural and religious affiliations and ethnic origins. Collaborative work is of immense value particularly in the contemporary increasingly multicultural work environment because it encapsulates ideas and opinions coming from a variety of backgrounds and origins. Some assignments required us to review each other’s work and respond accordingly.  

Cell Biol- Genetics practical lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cell Biol- Genetics practical - Lab Report Example The activity of protein also varied between the fractions, with the liver particulate and lysed liver particulate showing higher levels of protein than the supernatant. The results of the experiment indicate that the majority of energy converting reactions is centred within the mitochondria, with the MDH reaction causing the highest amount of absorption, suggesting a stronger reaction. The prevalence of protein within this portion of the cell supports this hypothesis. The use of electron acceptors to measure the strength of reactions was an effective approach to determining the prevalence of each reaction, as well as their localisation within the cell. Throughout the human body, different enzymes interact with one another to form comprehensive reactions and chains of reactions that play important roles in the functioning of the human body (Schilling et al., 1999). The exact combination of enzymes and reactions that occur differ depending on the part of the body that is being considered, and the function of the cell. For example, the cells in the brain may perform some of the same functions as cells in the liver, such as cell replication, while other functions are significantly different, resulting in the use of different enzymes. The liver has a range of roles, including the maintenance of blood glucose during starvation by the activation of glycogen. It is a critical organ for survival (Salway, 2012). As well as variation in function and enzyme composition across organs and areas of the body, this also occurs within organelles present within cells. Determining what enzymes are present in different cellular components and their level of activity can be achieved through the use of cell fractionation techniques (Scnaitman and Greenawalt, 1968). One cellular component of interest is the mitochondria, which are essential organelles, involved in cell death pathways as well as the production of metabolic energy (van Loo et al.,

Business - ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business - ethics - Essay Example this was dishonest, Frank replied that each firm had told him to submit his expenses and that therefore he was not taking something to which he had no right. One firm had not asked for receipts, so he determined it was making him a gift of the money. The problem is that Frank is committing fraud by telling the companies that he has expenses of $1000 because whenever his expenses have been paid by either company, the other company has no obligation to pay for expenses that do not exist. 3) Frank Waldron could return half of each companys money, telling the companies he intentionally requested payment from both companies and accept one the offers that have already been extended, thus discontinuing this fraudulent practice. Solution 1. The solution impacts Frank Waldron directly as he would likely become unable to secure a job due to his fraud. Next the Eastern State University placement office would be affected as their reputation with the companies would be tarnished since the fraud was perpetrated under their noses. Finally the companies are affected and would implement ways to prevent this from happening again thus putting red tape up for every new interviewee who might have legitimate

Eight steps in developing effective communications Essay

Eight steps in developing effective communications - Essay Example Eight steps in developing effective communications Sulemana asserts that successful corporate communication plans are those created after a thorough appraisal of a corporation’s former and current strategies of communicating with its customers and employees. He cites a study conducted at Columbia University’s Centre of Continuing Education that found that an excellent communication plan is one that identifies ways that a given company can move from the status quo to its desired point in the future. Salisbury points out that change management is thus successful when it takes into consideration the views of the target group. Furthermore, this helps to cement choices of the kinds of communication styles one wishes to use, the budget, audiences to use and the ways of conducting an appraisal of the communications program. A plan also helps company executives to guard against last minute interruptions or unnecessary changes. They are also able to control effectively the program with great peace of mind. A proper communications strategy is a vital aspect of any company’s success. It determines a company’s perception by the outside world, which in turn determines the company’s reputation as well as profitability. It also enhances teamwork and understanding among the employees helping them to remain highly motivated. As a result, their productivity increases which serve to benefit the company. All companies should consider investing in a communications plan as it certainly has the potential to boost growth.